About Play Therapy
Why Play?
Play is the child's language and ...
In recent years a growing number of noted mental health professionals have observed
that play is as important to human happiness and well being as love and work (Schaefer,
1993). Some of the greatest thinkers of all time, including Aristotle and Plato, have
reflected on why play is so fundamental in our lives. The following are some of the
many benefits of play that have been described by play theorists. Play is a fun, enjoyable
activity that elevates our spirits and brightens our outlook on life. It expands self-expression,
self-knowledge, self-actualization and self-efficacy. Play relieves feelings of stress
and boredom, connects us to people in a positive way, stimulates creative thinking
and exploration, regulates our emotions, and boosts our ego (Landreth, 2002). In addition,
play allows us to practice skills and roles needed for survival. Learning and development
are best fostered through play (Russ, 2004).
Why Play in Therapy
Play therapy is a structured, theoretically based approach to therapy that builds on the normal communicative and learning processes of children (Carmichael, 2006; Landreth, 2002; O'Connor & Schaefer, 1983). The curative powers inherent in play are used in many ways. Therapists strategically utilize play therapy to help children express what is troubling them when they do not have the verbal language to express their thoughts and feelings (Gil, 1991). In play therapy, toys are like the child's words and play is the child's language (Landreth, 2002). Through play, therapists may help children learn more adaptive behaviors when there are emotional or social skills deficits (Pedro-Carroll & Reddy, 2005). The positive relationship that develops between therapist and child during play therapy sessions provides a corrective emotional experience necessary for healing (Moustakas, 1997). Play therapy may also be used to promote cognitive development and provide insight about and resolution of inner conflicts or dysfunctional thinking in the child (O'Connor & Schaefer, 1983; Reddy, Files-Hall & Schaefer, 2005).
What is Play Therapy
... toys are the child's words!
Initially developed in the turn of the 20th century, today play therapy refers to
a large number of treatment methods, all applying the therapeutic benefits of play.
Play therapy differs from regular play in that the therapist helps children to address
and resolve their own problems. Play therapy builds on the natural way that children
learn about themselves and their relationships in the world around them (Axline, 1947;
Carmichael, 2006; Landreth, 2002). Through play therapy, children learn to communicate
with others, express feelings, modify behavior, develop problem-solving skills, and
learn a variety of ways of relating to others. Play provides a safe psychological
distance from their problems and allows expression of thoughts and feelings appropriate
to their development. APT defines play therapy as "the systematic use of a theoretical
model to establish an interpersonal process wherein trained play therapists use the
therapeutic powers of play to help clients prevent or resolve psychosocial difficulties
and achieve optimal growth and development."
How does Play Therapy work?
Children are referred for play therapy to resolve their problems (Carmichael; 2006; Schaefer, 1993). Often, children have used up their own problem solving tools, and they misbehave, may act out at home, with friends, and at school (Landreth, 2002). Play therapy allows trained mental health practitioners who specialize in play therapy, to assess and understand children's play. Further, play therapy is utilized to help children cope with difficult emotions and find solutions to problems (Moustakas, 1997; Reddy, Files-Hall & Schaefer, 2005). By confronting problems in the clinical Play Therapy setting, children find healthier solutions. Play therapy allows children to change the way they think about, feel toward, and resolve their concerns (Kaugars & Russ, 2001). Even the most troubling problems can be confronted in play therapy and lasting resolutions can be discovered, rehearsed, mastered and adapted into lifelong strategies (Russ, 2004).
Who Benefits from Play Therapy?
Although everyone benefits, play therapy is especially appropriate for children ages 3 through 12 years old (Carmichael, 2006; Gil, 1991; Landreth; 2002; Schaefer, 1993). Teenagers and adults have also benefited from play techniques and recreational processes. To that end, use of play therapy with adults within mental health, agency, and other healthcare contexts is increasing (Pedro-Carroll & Reddy, 2005; Schaefer, 2003). In recent years, play therapy interventions have also been applied to infants and toddlers.
Play Therapy Benefit A Child?
Play therapy is implemented as a treatment of choice in mental health, school, agency, developmental, hospital, residential, and recreational settings, with clients of all ages (Carmichael, 2006; Reddy, Files-Hall & Schaefer, 2005). Play therapy treatment plans have been utilized as the primary intervention or as an adjunctive therapy for multiple mental health conditions and concerns (Gil & Drewes, 2004; Landreth, Sweeney, Ray, Homeyer & Glover, 2005), e.g. anger management, grief and loss, divorce and family dissolution, and crisis and trauma, and for modification of behavioral disorders (Landreth, 2002), e.g. anxiety, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity (ADHD), autism or pervasive developmental, academic and social developmental, physical and learning disabilities, and conduct disorders (Bratton, Ray & Rhine, 2005).
Research supports the effectiveness of play therapy with children experiencing a wide variety of social, emotional, behavioral, and learning problems, including: children whose problems are related to life stressors, such as divorce, death, relocation, hospitalization, chronic illness, assimilate stressful experiences, physical and sexual abuse, domestic violence, and natural disasters (Reddy, Files-Hall & Schaefer, 2005). Play therapy helps children:
- Become more responsible for behaviors and develop more successful strategies.
- Develop new and creative solutions to problems.
- Develop respect and acceptance of self and others.
- Learn to experience and express emotion.
- Cultivate empathy and respect for thoughts and feelings of others.
- Learn new social skills and relational skills with family.
- Develop self-efficacy and thus a better assuredness about their abilities.
How Long Does Play Therapy Take?
Each play therapy session varies in length but usually last about 30 to 50 minutes. Sessions are usually held weekly. Research suggests that it takes an average of 20 play therapy sessions to resolve the problems of the typical child referred for treatment. Of course, some children may improve much faster while more serious or ongoing problems may take longer to resolve (Landreth, 2002; Carmichael, 2006).
How May My Family Be Involved in Play Therapy?
Families play an important role in children's healing processes. The interaction between
children's problems and their families is always complex. Sometimes children develop
problems as a way of signaling that there is something wrong in the family. Other
times the entire family becomes distressed because the child's problems are so disruptive.
In all cases, children and families heal faster when they work together.
The play therapist will make some decisions about how and when to involve some or
all members of the family in the play therapy. At a minimum, the therapist will want
to communicate regularly with the child's caretakers to develop a plan for resolving
problems as they are identified and to monitor the progress of the treatment. Other
options might include involving a) the parents or caretakers directly in the treatment
in what is called filial play therapy and b) the whole family in family play therapy
(Guerney, 2000). Whatever the level the family members choose to be involved, they
are an essential part of the child's healing (Carey & Schaefer, 1994; Gil & Drewes,
2004).
Who Practices Play Therapy?
The practice of play therapy requires extensive specialized education, training, and
experience. A play therapist is a licensed (or certified) mental health professional
who has earned a Master's or Doctorate degree in a mental health field with considerable
general clinical experience and supervision.
With advanced, specialized training, experience, and supervision, mental health professionals
may also earn the Registered Play Therapist (RPT) or Registered Play Therapist-Supervisor
(RPT-S) credentials1; conferred by the Association for Play Therapy (APT).
1The Association for Play Therapy (APT confers the Registered Play Therapist (RPT)
and Registered Play Therapist Supervisor (RPT-S) credentials to licensed (or certified)
mental health professionals who have provided APT with documentation that they have
1) earned a graduate or higher mental health degree, 2) completed a minimum number
of play therapy training and supervision clock hours, and 3) completed the requisite
continuing education hours. The RPT/S credentials do not certify, imply, or affirm
the knowledge or competency of such individual but only confirms that the education
and training requirements identified herein have been satisfied. APT also offers approved
continuing education provider status to agencies and individuals who have provided
APT with documentation that the agency or individual will provide program(s) that
satisfy APT requirements for continuing education of RPT/S designees. The APT approval
status of any continuing education provider does not certify, imply, or affirm the
knowledge of any agency, individual, or presenter of a program but only confirms that
APT continuing education provider requirements have been satisfied.
The information displayed for the general public and mental health professionals in
this section was initially crafted by JP Lilly, LCSW, RPT-S, Kevin O'Connor, PhD,
RPT-S, and Teri Krull, LCSW, RPT-S and later revised in part by Charles Schaefer,
PhD, RPT-S, Garry Landreth, EdD, LPC, RPT-S, and Dale-Elizabeth Pehrsson, EdD, LPC,
RPT-S. Linked mental health conditions and concerns and behavioral disorders were
drafted by Pehrsson and Karla Carmichael, PhD, LPC, RPT-S respectively. Research citations
were compiled by Pehrsson and Oregon State University graduate assistant Mary Aguilera.
APT sincerely thanks these individuals for their contributions!